• are as well dispersed as possible
• have a minimum of alignment or orientation
• have uniform consistency
• are uniformly distributed with respect to their length, breadth, and weight

The entire sheet characteristics are based on the physical properties of the fibers, the fiber network structure and the orientation. Variations in these properties cause changes in average Basis weight. Though large-scale variations could be effectively controlled with today’s technologies, the problem remains tricky and difficult to address local grammage variations (areas less than 1mm2) and this non-uniformity affects the above-mentioned functional properties to a large extent.

A Formation Analyzer that detects these small-scale defects and variations is the most appropriate answer and researchers all over the world have been working towards making this proposition a reality. CEERI presents its fully developed indigenously and tested instrument that utilizes advanced image analysis techniques combined with the computing power of the personal computers to make this measurement reliable. This Development is funded by Ministry of Information Technology, Govt. of India, New Delhi.